1. What is a Monohybrid Cross?

A monohybrid cross is a genetic cross between individuals that differ in only one trait. It follows Mendel's first law of segregation and typically results in a 3:1 phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation when crossing two heterozygotes.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses Punnett square principles:

Where:

• 3 — Dominant phenotype (AA or Aa genotypes)
• 1 — Recessive phenotype (aa genotype)

Explanation: The calculator determines all possible combinations of parental alleles and calculates the expected genotype and phenotype ratios.

3. Understanding Punnett Squares

Details: A Punnett square is a diagram that predicts the genotype and phenotype combinations of offspring from parental alleles.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Select the genotypes for both parents. The calculator will show the possible offspring genotypes and their expected phenotype ratios.

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What's the difference between genotype and phenotype?
A: Genotype is the genetic makeup (e.g., AA, Aa, aa), while phenotype is the physical expression of traits.

Q2: Why is the ratio 3:1?
A: With complete dominance, 3/4 offspring show the dominant phenotype and 1/4 show the recessive phenotype.

Q3: What if my results don't match 3:1 exactly?
A: The ratio is theoretical. Actual results may vary due to chance (Mendel's law of segregation).

Q4: Can this calculator handle incomplete dominance?
A: No, this calculator assumes complete dominance. For incomplete dominance, phenotypes match genotypes.

Q5: What about dihybrid crosses?
A: This calculator is for single traits only. Dihybrid crosses involve two traits and yield 9:3:3:1 ratios.