1. What is pH?

pH is a logarithmic measure of the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution. It indicates the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution, with values ranging from 0 (very acidic) to 14 (very basic), with 7 being neutral.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the pH formula:

Where:

• \( [H^+] \) — Hydrogen ion concentration in moles per liter (M)
• \( \log_{10} \) — Base-10 logarithm

Explanation: The negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration gives the pH value, which represents the solution's acidity.

3. Importance of pH Calculation

Details: pH measurement is crucial in chemistry, biology, medicine, and environmental science. It affects chemical reactions, biological processes, and the behavior of many substances.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter hydrogen ion concentration in molarity (M). The value must be positive and typically ranges from 1 (strong acid) to 1×10⁻¹⁴ (strong base).

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What does a pH of 7 mean?
A: A pH of 7 indicates a neutral solution, where the concentration of H+ ions equals the concentration of OH- ions (10⁻⁷ M each at 25°C).

Q2: How does temperature affect pH?
A: The pH of pure water changes with temperature (pH 7 only at 25°C). The neutral point varies as the ion product of water changes with temperature.

Q3: What's the relationship between pH and pOH?
A: In aqueous solutions at 25°C, pH + pOH = 14. pOH can be calculated from OH- concentration similarly to how pH is calculated from H+ concentration.

Q4: Can pH be negative or greater than 14?
A: Yes, for very concentrated strong acids (pH < 0) or strong bases (pH > 14), though such solutions are rarely encountered outside specialized laboratory conditions.

Q5: How accurate is this calculation?
A: This gives theoretical pH based on concentration. Real measurements may differ slightly due to activity coefficients and other factors.